I'm, isn't, won't... (A1)

Contractions (142)

Stažené tvary

Hlavní přehled

Stažené tvary – procvičování:

I'm from Canada and he's from the USA. = Já jsem z Kanady a on je z USA.

I am
I'm
he is
he's
Já jsem z Kanady a on je z USA.
I'm from Canada and he's from the USA.

Stažené tvary (contractions) jsou zkrácené konstrukce s apostrofem. Často se jedná o podmět se slovesem nebo sloveso s NOT:

he is
he's
John is
John's
is not
isn't
would not
wouldn't

Ve stažených tvarech používáme především slovesa pomocná (be, have, do...) nebo způsobová (would, could, should...):

Podmět + sloveso
BE I'm, you're, he's...
HAVE I've, you've, he's...
WILL I'll, you'll, he'll...
WOULD I'd, you'd, he'd...
LET + US let's
Sloveso + NOT
BE isn't, aren't
wasn't, weren't
HAVE haven't, hasn't
DO don't, doesn't
didn't
WILL won't
WOULD wouldn't
CAN can't
COULD couldn't
SHOULD shouldn't

Zkrácené tvary jsou běžné v mluveném jazyce a v psané hovorové angličtině. Ve formálnější angličtině je obvykle nepoužíváme.

We'd like to rent kayaks tomorrow. = Rádi bychom si zítra půjčili kajaky.

Hovorové: We'd like to...
Formálnější: We would like to...
Rádi bychom si zítra půjčili kajaky.
We'd like to rent kayaks tomorrow.
Apostrof ' = nahrazuje chybějící písmeno/a

Při tvorbě stažených tvarů píšeme místo dvou slov jedno kratší slovíčko (we will → we'll; did not → didn't...). Jednotlivé části staženého tvaru jsou spojeny apostrofem ('), který zastupuje chybějící písmeno nebo více písmen:

We'll (= We will) fly to Mexico.
 Poletíme do Mexika.
We'd (= We would) like to swim.
 Rádi bychom si zaplavali.
We didn't (= did not) eat anything.
 Nic jsme nejedli.
We couldn't (= could not) find you.
 Nemohli jsme tě najít.

Všimněte si, že ve spojení podmětu a slovesa zkracujeme sloveso (will → 'll, would → 'd), zatímco ve spojení slovesa a NOT zkracujeme NOT (not → n't).

Pokud používáme stažený tvar pomocného slovesa ('m, 'd, 's...), podmět je obvykle osobní zájmeno (I, you, he, she, it, we, they):

I'm (= I am) a bit hungry.
 Mám trochu hlad.
They'd (= They would) visit you.
 Navštívili by tě.
He's (= He has) travelled a lot.
 Hodně cestoval.

V kombinaci se staženým pomocným slovesem používáme také někdy WHO, WHAT, HOW, WHERE, THAT, THERE, HERE nebo podstatné jméno (name, John, friend...):

Who's (= Who is) he?
 Kdo to je?
What's (= What is) his name?
 Jak se jmenuje?
Where's (= Where has) he lived?
 Kde žil?
That's (= That is) a very tall man.
 To je velmi vysoký muž.
There's (= There is) ice cream.
 Je tu zmrzlina.
Here's (= Here is) your coffee.
 Tady je tvoje káva.
His name's (= name is) John.
 Jmenuje se John.
John's (= John has) worked in Italy.
 John pracoval v Itálii.

Tato slovíčka používáme především se 'S (is, has).

Where's Erica? There's a package for her. = Kde je Erica? Je tu pro ni balík.

where is
where's
there is
there's
Kde je Erica? Je tu pro ni balík.
Where's Erica? There's a package for her.

What's happened to your leg? = Co se ti to stalo s nohou?

What has happened?
What's happened?
Co se ti to stalo s nohou?
What's happened to your leg?
BE přítomný čas = 'm, 's, 're; isn't, aren't
BE minulý čas = wasn't, weren't

Sloveso BE použijeme v přítomném čase ve staženém tvaru s podmětem (I, you, he...) nebo s NOT:

Podmět + BE
I'm
we're
you're
you're
he's
she's
it's
they're
BE + NOT
I am not
we aren't
you aren't
you aren't
he isn't
she isn't
it isn't
they aren't

Všimněte si, že AM NOT nestahujeme. Neříkáme: amn't

IS/ARE + NOT lze zkrátit dvěma způsoby:

It's not raining.
 Neprší.
It isn't raining.
They're not playing.
 Nehrají.
They aren't playing.

V minulém čase se WAS/WERE stahuje s NOT:

WAS/WERE + NOT
I wasn't
we weren't
you weren't
you weren't
he wasn't
she wasn't
it wasn't
they weren't

It's possible that he's not working. I'm not sure. = Je možné, že nepracuje. Nejsem si jistý.

it is
it's
he is
he's
I am not
I'm not
Je možné, že nepracuje. Nejsem si jistý.
It's possible that he's not working. I'm not sure.

Were you scared? – No, I wasn't. I love snakes. = Měla jsi strach? – Ne, neměla. Miluju hady.

was not
wasn't
were not
weren't
Měla jsi strach? – Ne, neměla. Miluju hady.
Were you scared? – No, I wasn't. I love snakes.
HAVE předpřítomný čas = 've, 's; haven't, hasn't

Pomocné sloveso HAVE použijeme v předpřítomném čase ve staženém tvaru s podmětem (I, you, he...) nebo s NOT:

Podmět + HAVE
I've been
we've been
you've been
you've been
he's been
she's been
it's been
they've been
HAVE + NOT
I haven't been
we haven't been
you haven't been
you haven't been
he hasn't been
she hasn't been
it hasn't been
they haven't been

Stažené tvary IS a HAS jsou stejné. Porovnejte:

'S (= is) 'S (= has)
He's my cousin.
He's been to Canada.
He's a dentist.
He's worked as a dentist.

We have travelled to more than twenty countries. = Procestovali jsme více než dvacet zemí.

We have travelled... We've travelled...
Procestovali jsme více než dvacet zemí.
We have travelled to more than twenty countries.

Pozor, samostatné HAVE/HAS s významem mít; vlastnit používáme pouze nezkrácené:

I have two sisters.
 Mám dvě sestry.
He has a new bike.
 Má nové kolo.

Nikoliv: I've two sisters., He's new bike.

They have so many flavours here! = Mají tu tolik příchutí!

They've They have many flavours!
Mají tu tolik příchutí!
They have so many flavours here!
DO přítomný čas = don't, doesn't
DO minulý čas = didn't

Sloveso DO použijeme v přítomném i minulém čase ve staženém tvaru s NOT:

DO + NOT
I don't
we don't
you don't
you don't
he doesn't
she doesn't
it doesn't
they don't
DID + NOT
I didn't
we didn't
you didn't
you didn't
he didn't
she didn't
it didn't
they didn't

This shirt doesn't fit me. I don't want it. = Ta košile mi nesedí. Nechci ji.

does not
doesn't
do not
don't
Ta košile mi nesedí. Nechci ji.
This shirt doesn't fit me. I don't want it.
WILL = 'll, won't

WILL použijeme ve staženém tvaru s podmětem (I'll, you'll, we'll...) nebo s NOT (won't):

I'll (= I will) go cycling.
 Pojedu na kole.
We'll (= We will) watch a movie.
 Budeme se dívat film.
It won't (= will not) rain.
 Nebude pršet.
You won't (= will not) need an umbrella.
 Nebudeš potřebovat deštník.

I hope she'll like the present. = Doufám, že se jí dárek bude líbit.

she will
she'll
she will not
she won't
Doufám, že se jí dárek bude líbit.
I hope she'll like the present.
WOULD = 'd, wouldn't

WOULD použijeme ve staženém tvaru s podmětem (I'd, you'd, we'd...) nebo s NOT (wouldn't):

I'd (= I would) go running with you.
Šel bych si s tebou zaběhat.
We'd (= We would) like to sell the flat.
 Chtěli bychom prodat ten byt.
She wouldn't (= would not) feel safe alone.
 Sama by se necítila bezpečně.

I wouldn't book this flight. It's quite expensive. = Tento let bych nerezervoval. Je docela drahý.

I would not
I wouldn't
I would
I'd
Tento let bych nerezervoval. Je docela drahý.
I wouldn't book this flight. It's quite expensive.
CAN = can't
COULD = couldn't
SHOULD = shouldn't

CAN, COULD, SHOULD použijeme ve staženém tvaru s NOT:

You can't (= cannot) smoke here.
 Nesmíte tady kouřit.
She couldn't (= could not) help us.
 Nemohla nám pomoci.
They shouldn't (= should not) eat so much.
 Neměli by tolik jíst.

It was too hot for Carlos. He couldn't live in Spain. = Pro Carlose bylo příliš horko. Nemohl by žít ve Španělsku.

could not
couldn't
Pro Carlose bylo příliš horko. Nemohl by žít ve Španělsku.
It was too hot for Carlos. He couldn't live in Spain.
LET'S = let us

Spojení LET + US zkracujeme na LET'S. Pomocí LET'S často něco navrhujeme:

My legs hurt. Let's sit down.
 Bolí mě nohy. Pojďme se posadit.
Let's have grilled cheese on toast!
 Dejme si topinku s grilovaným sýrem!

Nestažené LET US se používá pouze ve velmi formální angličtině.

Let's make pizza tomorrow! = Pojďme zítra udělat pizzu!

let us
let's
Pojďme zítra udělat pizzu!
Let's make pizza tomorrow!
Stažené tvary v praktických situacích:
1
Na horách
A1:Cvičení: Na horách

There's a lot of snow. Let's go skiing. = Je spousta sněhu. Pojďme lyžovat.

there is
there's
let us
let's
Je spousta sněhu. Pojďme lyžovat.
There's a lot of snow. Let's go skiing.

You shouldn't climb alone. It's dangerous. = Neměl bys lézt sám. Je to nebezpečné.

should not
shouldn't
it is
it's
Neměl bys lézt sám. Je to nebezpečné.
You shouldn't climb alone. It's dangerous.
2
Hudba
A1:Cvičení: Hudba

We won't go to the concert. The tickets are sold out. = Na koncert nepůjdeme. Vstupenky jsou vyprodané.

will not
won't
we will
we'll
Na koncert nepůjdeme. Vstupenky jsou vyprodané.
We won't go to the concert. The tickets are sold out.

I've been singing in a band for two years. = Už dva roky zpívám v kapele.

I have been... I've been...
Už dva roky zpívám v kapele.
I've been singing in a band for two years.
3
Popis vlastností lidí
A1:Cvičení: Popis vlastností lidí

My boyfriend is great! He's smart and very handsome. = Můj přítel je skvělý! Je chytrý a velmi pohledný.

he is
he's
he is not
he isn't
Můj přítel je skvělý! Je chytrý a velmi pohledný.
My boyfriend is great! He's smart and very handsome.

Ann wouldn't help you. She's too lazy. = Ann by ti nepomohla. Je příliš líná.

would not
wouldn't
she is
she's
Ann by ti nepomohla. Je příliš líná.
Ann wouldn't help you. She's too lazy.

Stažené tvary – shrnutí:

Podmět I, YOU... + sloveso
BE 'm (am)
's (is)
're (are)
HAVE 've (have)
's (has)
WILL 'll
WOULD 'd
LET + US let's
Sloveso + NOT
BE isn't (is not)
aren't (are not)
wasn't (was not)
weren't (were not)
HAVE haven't (have not)
hasn't (has not)
DO don't (do not)
doesn't (does not)
didn't (did not)
WILL won't (will not)
WOULD wouldn't (would not)
CAN can't (cannot)
COULD couldn't (could not)
SHOULD shouldn't (should not)

Doporučujeme si procvičit stažené tvary (contractions) v našich cvičeních.