Must, mustn't, needn't (B2)

Modal verbs and their substitutes (439)

Modální slovesa a jejich opisy

Hlavní přehled

Na Landigo si dnes ukážeme, jak vyjádřit – muset, nesmět a nemuset pomocí sloves MUST, MUSTN'T, NEEDN'T a jejich opisů.

Must, mustn't, needn't – procvičování:

Další související lekce:

We needn't call a taxi. However, if we walk, we mustn't be late.

Musíme:
must
Nesmíme:
mustn't
Nemusíme:
needn't
Nemusíme si volat taxi. Ale pokud půjdeme pěšky, nesmíme přijít pozdě.
We needn't call a taxi. However, if we walk, we mustn't be late.

Přehled sloves modálních sloves (modal verbs) MUST, MUSTN'T, NEEDN'T a jejich opisů (modal substitutes):

MUST = muset

MUST vyjadřuje povinnost, příkaz, pravidlo a také silnou radu nebo doporučení:

We must be on time. (= It's necessary that we're on time.)
Ben must help me. (= obligation)
The muffins here are delicious. You must try one. (= a strong recommendation)

S podobným významem používáme HAVE TO.

Musím si koupit lístek.
I must buy a ticket.
Musí navštívit New York.
They must visit New York.

On arrival, you must proceed to immigration and show a valid passport.

Povinnost:
You must show a passport.
It's necessary that you show a passport.
Po příletu se musíte dostavit na imigrační kontrolu a předložit platný pas.
On arrival, you must proceed to immigration and show a valid passport.
MUSTN'T = nesmět

MUSTN'T vyjadřuje zákaz nebo zápornou povinnost:

You mustn't smoke here. (= You're not allowed to smoke here.)
Alex mustn't come late again. (= It's necessary that he doesn't do that.)
He mustn't eat peanuts. He's allergic to them.
Nesmí pít alkohol.
She mustn't drink alcohol.
Nesmí krmit zvířata.
They mustn't feed the animals.

Is photography allowed in the museum? – Yes, but you mustn't use flash or record.

Zákaz:
You mustn't use flash.
You aren't allowed to use flash.
Je v muzeu povoleno fotografovat? – Ano, ale nesmíte používat blesk ani nahrávat.
Is photography allowed in the museum? – Yes, but you mustn't use flash or record.
NEEDN'T = nemuset

Pomocí NEEDN'T vyjadřujeme, že něco není nutné a neexistuje povinnost:

You needn't pick me up tomorrow. (= It's not necessary that you pick me up.)
I needn't help him, he can manage on his own. (= no obligation)
Nemusí vstávat brzy.
He needn't get up early.
Nemusíme pospíchat.
We needn't rush.

I needn't cook. I'll warm up the leftovers from yesterday.

Není povinnost/nutnost:
I needn't cook.
It's not necessary that I cook.
Nemusím vařit. Ohřeju zbytky ze včera.
I needn't cook. I'll warm up the leftovers from yesterday.

Porovnejte MUST, MUSTN'T a NEEDN'T:

You must lock the door.
It's necessary that you lock it.
You mustn't lock the door.
It's necessary that you do not lock it.
You needn't lock the door.
It's not necessary that you lock it.

Joe can borrow my skateboard, but he must be careful. He mustn't break it!

Muset:
must
Nesmět:
mustn't
Nemuset:
needn't
Joe si může půjčit můj skateboard, ale musí být opatrný. Nesmí ho zlomit!
Joe can borrow my skateboard, but he must be careful. He mustn't break it!
DON'T NEED TO/DON'T HAVE TO = nemuset

Namísto NEEDN'T můžeme použít DON'T NEED TO. Významově je také velmi podobné DON'T HAVE TO:

I needn't pick him up.
 Nemusím ho vyzvednout./Není nutné, abych ho vyzvednul.
I don't need to pick him up.
I don't have to pick him up.

We have plenty of time. We don't need to hurry.

Nemuset:
We don't need to hurry.
We don't have to hurry.
We needn't hurry.
Máme spoustu času. Nemusíme spěchat.
We have plenty of time. We don't need to hurry.
NEEDN'T HAVE = nemuset (udělat zbytečně)

NEEDN'T + minulý infinitiv (have done, have called...) použijeme, když někdo něco udělal a až později se dozvěděl, že to nebylo nutné:

Ella needn't have called me.
 Ella mi nemusela zavolat. (Zavolala, i když to nebylo nutné, to ale Ella nevěděla. = Zavolala zbytečně.)
They needn't have come to work on Saturday.
 V sobotu do práce nemuseli přijít. (Přišli do práce, i když to nebylo nutné, to ale nevěděli. = Přišli zbytečně.)

NEEDN'T + minulý infinitiv také použijeme, když se něco stalo zbytečně:

Chris needn't have died.
 Chris nemusel zemřít. (= Zemřel zbytečně.)

I needn't have packed my flip-flops. I didn't wear them at all.

Udělat zbytečně:
I needn't have packed them.
I packed them. It was pointless.
Nemusela jsem si balit žabky. Vůbec jsem je nenosila.
I needn't have packed my flip-flops. I didn't wear them at all.

We needn't have gotten here so early. There are no decent waves yet.

Udělat zbytečně:
We needn't have gotten here early.
We got here early. It was unnecessary.
Nemuseli jsme sem jezdit tak brzy. Ještě nejsou žádné pořádné vlny.
We needn't have gotten here so early. There are no decent waves yet.

If John had been strapped in, his injuries needn't have been fatal.

Stalo se zbytečně:
His injuries needn't have been fatal.
Kdyby byl John připoutaný, nemusela být jeho zranění smrtelná.
If John had been strapped in, his injuries needn't have been fatal.
DIDN'T NEED TO/DIDN'T HAVE TO = nemuset (nemít povinnost udělat)

DIDN'T NEED TO nebo DIDN'T HAVE TO použijeme, když někdo něco nemusel udělat a v tu chvíli o tom věděl:

Ella didn't need to call me. (= Nemusela mi zavolat a věděla o tom.)
They didn't have to come to work. (= Nemuseli jít do práce a věděli o tom.)

Vazby DIDN'T NEED TO/DIDN'T HAVE TO nevyjadřují, jestli se něco nakonec udělalo nebo ne – mohlo se to udělat, nebo ne:

Ella didn't need to call me. She called me anyways.
Ella didn't need to call me, so I didn't hear from her today.
They didn't have to come, but they came for a while.
They didn't have to come. They went to the park instead.

Tim put everything across very well. I didn't need to ask any questions.

Nemuset udělat a v danou chvíli o tom vědět:
I didn't need to ask any questions.
It wasn't necessary to ask any question, so I didn't.
Tim všechno srozumitelně vysvětlil. Nemusela jsem se na nic ptát.
Tim put everything across very well. I didn't need to ask any questions.

We didn't have to buy furniture. The new apartment came fully furnished.

Nemít povinnost:
We didn't have to buy it.
We didn't need to buy it.
Nemuseli jsme kupovat nábytek. Nový byt jsme dostali kompletně zařízený.
We didn't have to buy furniture. The new apartment came fully furnished.

Porovnejte NEEDN'T HAVE a DIDN'T NEED TO/DIDN'T HAVE TO:

Udělat zbytečně Nemít povinnost udělat
She needn't have called me. She didn't know.
She didn't need to call me, so I didn't hear from her.
They didn't need to come. They didn't know.
They didn't need to come, but they came anyways.

I wish I'd known it was going to be cloudy. We needn't have put on sunscreen.

Udělat zbytečně:
We needn't have put it on.
Nemít povinnost udělat:
We didn't need to put it on.
We didn't have to put it on.
Kéž bych věděla, že bude zataženo. Nemuseli jsme se natírat opalovacím krémem.
I wish I'd known it was going to be cloudy. We needn't have put on sunscreen.

Must, mustn't, needn't – nejdůležitější body:

I must play.
 Musím hrát.
I mustn't play.
 Nesmím hrát.
I needn't play.
 Nemusím hrát.
I don't need to play.
I don't have to play.
I needn't have played.
 Nemusel jsem hrát. (= hrál jsem zbytečně)
I didn't need to play.
 Nemusel jsem hrát. (= neměl jsem povinnost hrát)
I didn't have to play.

Doporučujeme si procvičit MUST, MUSTN'T, NEEDN'T v našich cvičeních.