Be able to, have to... (B1)

Modal verb substitutes (316)

Opisy modálních sloves

Hlavní přehled

Na Landigo se dnes zaměříme na vazby typu BE ABLE TO, BE ALLOWED TO, HAVE TO, které mají podobný význam jako modální slovesa (CAN, MAY, MUST...). Tyto vazby často používáme, když modální slovesa nelze použít.

Opisy modálních sloves – procvičování:

Další související lekce:

We had to rush. We didn't want to miss our flight.

Minulost:
We had to rush.
Přítomnost:
We have to rush.
We must rush.
Museli jsme spěchat. Nechtěli jsme zmeškat let.
We had to rush. We didn't want to miss our flight.

Přehled opisů modálních sloves (modal verb substitutes):

can
be able to
be allowed to
may
be allowed to
must
have to
mustn't
not be allowed to
needn't
not have to
not need to
should
be supposed to
be expected to
V některých případech není možné modální sloveso použít

Nejdříve si připomeňme zvláštnosti modálních sloves. Obvykle jsou pouze ve tvaru přítomného času (I must, I should, I may...), platí tedy následující:

Když modální sloveso nelze použít, můžeme ho často nahradit podobným výrazem – opisem. Např. MUST nahradíme opisem HAVE TO:

I will have to leave.
I had to leave.

Have you been able to stick to the diet and the new exercise plan?

Have you been able to...?
Have you can...?
Podařilo se ti dodržovat dietu a nový cvičební plán?
Have you been able to stick to the diet and the new exercise plan?

The children were allowed to stay up late and watch the season finale of the show.

Minulost: They were allowed to...
Přítomnost: They are allowed to...
They may...
Děti mohly zůstat vzhůru a dívat se na poslední díl seriálu.
The children were allowed to stay up late and watch the season finale of the show.
Can = be able to
Can/may = be allowed to

Pokud mluvíme o schopnosti nebo dovednosti, nahradíme CAN opisem BE ABLE TO (= moci; být schopen):

I was able to leave work early this Friday.
 V pátek se mi povedlo odejít z práce dřív.
When I was younger, I was able to swim well.
 Když jsem byla mladší, uměla jsem dobře plavat.

Pro obecnou schopnost můžeme v minulém čase použít i COULD:

When I was younger, I could swim well.

COULD obvykle nelze použít pro vyjádření schopnosti ve specifické situaci:

I was able to leave work early this Friday.

Nikoliv: I could leave...

Ever since our baby was born, we haven't been able to get a good night's sleep.

Schopnost:
We haven't been able to sleep.
Od té doby, co se nám narodilo miminko, se nemůžeme pořádně vyspat.
Ever since our baby was born, we haven't been able to get a good night's sleep.

We knew Alison was able to do the job better than anybody else.

Obecná schopnost:
She was able to...
She could...
Věděli jsme, že Alison zvládne tuto práci lépe než kdokoli jiný.
We knew Alison was able to do the job better than anybody else.

Were you able to book the tickets yesterday?

Specifická situace:
Were you able to do it?
Could you...?
Podařilo se vám včera zabukovat letenky?
Were you able to book the tickets yesterday?

Pokud mluvíme o svolení, nahradíme CAN/MAY opisem BE ALLOWED TO (= smět; mít dovoleno):

Were you allowed to leave work early last Friday?
 Směl jsi minulý pátek odejít z práce dřív?
I was allowed to leave work early.
 Směl jsem odejít z práce dřív.

Sorry I wasn't able to text you. I wasn't allowed to use my phone during class.

Nemohla jsem: I wasn't able to...
Nesměla jsem: I wasn't allowed to...
Omlouvám se, že jsem ti nemohla napsat. Nesměla jsem používat telefon během vyučování.
Sorry I wasn't able to text you. I wasn't allowed to use my phone during class.
Must = have to

Pro vyjádření povinnosti a nutnosti je často možné použít místo MUST opis HAVE TO (= muset; mít povinnost):

I had to leave work early last Friday.
 V pátek jsem musel jít z práce dřív.
If you want to use your phone, you will have to go outside.
 Jestli si chceš zatelefonovat, tak budeš muset jít ven.

I don't like having to do all the packing for you.

I don't like having to...
I don't like musting...
Nelíbí se mi, že musím balit vše za tebe.
I don't like having to do all the packing for you.

Jeremy had to go back to the beach. He forgot his flip-flops.

Minulost:
He had to go back.
Přítomnost:
He has to go back.
He must go back.
Jeremy se musel vrátit na pláž. Zapomněl si žabky.
Jeremy had to go back to the beach. He forgot his flip-flops.

V přítomném čase se význam MUST a HAVE TO někdy trochu liší. Porovnejte:

I must call him. (= I feel it is necessary.)
 Musím mu zavolat.
I have to call him. (= The situation/somebody else requires that.)
 Je třeba, abych mu zavolal.

I'll talk to you later. I must take Milo for a walk now.

I must take him out.
I have to take him out.
Promluvíme si později. Musím teď vzít Mila na procházku.
I'll talk to you later. I must take Milo for a walk now.
Mustn't = not be allowed to

Pokud vyjadřujeme nějaký zákaz, MUSTN'T nahrazujeme opisem NOT BE ALLOWED TO (= nesmět; nemít dovoleno):

I wasn't allowed to leave work early last Friday.
 Minulý pátek jsem nesměl odejít z práce dřív.
You won't be allowed to use your phone here.
 Nebudeš tady smět používat svůj telefon.

Rick lost his passport. He won't be allowed to leave the country.

He won't be allowed to leave.
He isn't allowed to leave.
He mustn't leave.
Rick ztratil svůj pas. Nebude moci odjet ze země.
Rick lost his passport. He won't be allowed to leave the country.

Journalists weren't allowed to enter the building or take photographs.

Minulost: They weren't allowed to...
Přítomnost: They aren't allowed to...
They mustn't...
Novináři nesměli do budovy vstoupit ani pořizovat fotografie.
Journalists weren't allowed to enter the building or take photographs.

V přítomném čase lze použít NOT BE ALLOWED TO, MUSTN'T, CAN'T a MAY NOT s podobným významem:

You are not allowed to call him.
 Nesmíš mu zavolat. (= není ti dovoleno)
You mustn't call him.
 Nesmíš mu zavolat. (= já ti zakazuju)
You can't call him.
 Nemůžeš mu zavolat. (= není ti dovoleno)
You may not call him.
 Nesmíš mu zavolat. (= není ti dovoleno)

Všimněte si, že MUSTN'T, na rozdíl od ostatních možností, použijeme jen tehdy, pokud něco zakazujeme my (You mustn't call him. = I forbid you to call him.)

Remember, you mustn't tell anyone about this. It's a secret.

You mustn't tell anyone.
You aren't allowed to tell anyone.
Pamatuj, nesmíš o tom nikomu říct. Je to tajemství.
Remember, you mustn't tell anyone about this. It's a secret.
Needn't = not have to/not need to

Modální sloveso NEEDN'T (= nemuset) opisujeme pomocí NOT HAVE TO nebo NOT NEED TO:

I didn't have to leave work early last Friday.
 V pátek jsem z práce nemusel jít dřív.
You won't need to go outside if you want to use your phone.
 Nemusíš chodit ven, jestli si chceš zatelefonovat.

Tell your mom she doesn't have to feed the cats. I've already fed them.

She doesn't have to feed them.
She doesn't need to feed them.
She needn't feed them.
Řekni mámě, že nemusí krmit kočky. Už jsem je nakrmil.
Tell your mom she doesn't have to feed the cats. I've already fed them.

NEEDN'T se v současné angličtině používá velmi zřídka, i v přítomném čase se běžně nahrazuje opisem. Rozdíl mezi opisy bývá minimální, takže často můžeme použít DON'T HAVE TO nebo DON'T NEED TO, aniž by se podstatně změnil význam:

You needn't do anything.
 Nemusíte nic dělat.
You don't have to do anything.
You don't need to do anything.

DON'T HAVE TO vyjadřuje spíše povinnost, zatímco DON'T NEED TO nutnost:

You don't have to do anything. (= not required, but possible)
You don't need to do anything. (= not necessary, but possible)

You don't have to sweep here. I've already swept everywhere.

You don't have to do it.
It isn't required.
Nemusíš tu zametat. Už jsem všude zametla.
You don't have to sweep here. I've already swept everywhere.

We have plenty of time. We don't need to hurry.

We don't need to hurry.
It isn't necessary.
Máme spoustu času. Nemusíme spěchat.
We have plenty of time. We don't need to hurry.
Should = be supposed to/be expected to

Pokud chceme říct, že by někdo měl něco udělat nebo že se něco očekává, opisujeme SHOULD pomocí BE SUPPOSED TO nebo BE EXPECTED TO:

I was supposed to leave work early last Friday.
 V pátek jsem měl jít z práce dřív.
Starting next week, you'll be expected not to use your phone here.
 Od příštího týdne se očekává, že tu nebudeš používat telefon.

The party was supposed to be a surprise, but my cousins gave it away.

It was supposed to...
It was expected to...
Oslava měla být překvapením, ale moje sestřenice ji prozradily.
The party was supposed to be a surprise, but my cousins gave it away.

It was expected to be a blockbuster movie. In the end, it didn't make any money.

It was expected to be...
It was supposed to be...
Očekávalo se, že to bude filmový trhák. Nakonec nevydělal žádné peníze.
It was expected to be a blockbuster movie. In the end, it didn't make any money.

V přítomném čase se význam SHOULD a opisů někdy trochu liší:

You should call him. (= I advise you to call him.)
You are supposed to call him.
You are expected to call him.

SHOULD vyjadřuje radu nebo očekávání mluvčího (You should call him. = I advise you to call him.). Naproti tomu u opisů BE SUPPOSED TO a BE EXPECTED TO nepochází očekávání přímo od mluvčího, ten pouze konstatuje, že se něco očekává.

Slovesu SUPPOSE + neosobním konstrukcím se více věnujeme v lekci: He is said to do, it is said that he does... (B2)

You should speak fluent English and have a driving licence.

Mluvčí očekává: You should...
Očekává se: You are expected to...
You are supposed to...
Měl bys mluvit plynně anglicky a mít řidičský průkaz.
You should speak fluent English and have a driving licence.

Opisy modálních sloves – shrnutí:

can
(moci; umět)
be able to
(být schopen)
can
(smět)
be allowed to
(být dovoleno)
may
(smět)
be allowed to
(být dovoleno)
must
(muset)
have to
(mít povinnost)
mustn't
(nesmět)
not be allowed to
(nebýt dovoleno)
needn't
(nemuset)
not have to
(nemít povinnost)
not need to
(nepotřebovat)
should
(mělo by se)
be supposed to
(předpokládá se)
be expected to
(očekává se)

Doporučujeme si procvičit opisy modálních sloves (modal verb substitutes) v našich cvičeních.