Because of, due to... (B1)
Expressing reason and cause (358)
Vyjádření důvodu a příčiny
Na Landigo si dnes ukážeme, jak vyjádřit, proč se něco děje. Zaměříme se především na:
Vyjádření důvodu a příčiny – procvičování:
Na stejné téma máme také pokročilejší lekci: Because, as, due to... (B2)
Thanks to perfect weather, we were looking forward to bumper crops. = Díky skvělému počasí jsme se těšili na rekordní sklizeň.
| Vyjádření důvodu: |
| Thanks to perfect weather, we were... |
| As there was perfect weather, we were... |
Pokud chceme vyjádřit, proč se něco děje (= důvod nebo příčina něčeho), použijeme:
Because of, due to, thanks to
Předložky BECAUSE OF, DUE TO a THANKS TO používáme obvykle podle kontextu:
| because of → jakýkoliv kontext |
| due to → neutrální/negativní kontext |
| thanks to → pozitivní kontext |
Porovnejte:
| We missed the flight because of/due to Greg. | Zmeškali jsme let kvůli Gregovi. |
| We didn't miss the flight because of/thanks to Greg. | Nezmeškali jsme let díky Gregovi. |
| Because of/Due to the traffic jam, we arrived late. | Kvůli dopravní zácpě jsme přijeli pozdě. |
| Because of/Thanks to a shortcut, we arrived on time. | Díky zkratce jsme dorazili včas. |
The plane had to land in Texas due to technical difficulties.
| Negativní kontext: |
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due to difficulties
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because of difficulties
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Thanks to the locals, I discovered these amazing thermal springs!
| Pozitivní kontext: |
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thanks to the locals
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because of the locals
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Because, since, as...
Mezi větami používáme nejčastěji spojky BECAUSE nebo formálnější AS a SINCE:
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I love these shoes because they're so comfortable.
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Tyto boty mám moc ráda, protože jsou tak pohodlné. |
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Helen will work today as she has to finish the project.
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Helen bude dnes pracovat, protože musí dokončit projekt. |
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The manager was pleased, since it was finished as planned.
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Manažer byl spokojený, neboť se to dokončilo podle plánu. |
Před SINCE píšeme obvykle čárku.
Spojku můžeme použít uprostřed věty nebo na začátku:
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I love them because they're comfortable.
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Because they're comfortable, I love them.
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She will work as she has to finish it.
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As she has to finish it, she will work.
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He was pleased, since it was finished.
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Since it was finished, he was pleased.
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Julia was really tired because she hadn't slept well.
| She was tired because... |
| She was tired as... |
| She was tired, since... |
Since I'm going away for the weekend, my brother will take care of Max.
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Since I'm going away, he will do it.
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He will do it, since I'm going away.
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BECAUSE můžeme použít v jednoduché (samostatné) větě a v otázce:
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Why are you laughing? – Because it's funny.
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Proč se směješ? – Protože je to vtipné. |
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Are you laughing because it's funny to you?
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Směješ se, protože ti to připadá vtipné? |
SINCE a AS takto většinou nepoužíváme.
Could you not buy the car because it was too expensive?
| Could you not buy it because...? |
| Could you not buy it, since...? |
| Could you not buy it as...? |
Why are you giving me this? – Because you might get thirsty later.
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Because you might get thirsty.
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| As... |
| Since... |
Ve velmi hovorové angličtině můžeme namísto BECAUSE použít zkrácené CAUSE/COS:
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I don't understand cause I can't speak French.
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They didn't go out cos it was raining.
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Keith won't join us cause he's sick.
| He won't join us because... |
| He won't join us cause... |
| He won't join us cos... |
Ve velmi formální angličtině se používá spojka FOR (neboť; poněvadž):
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Do not worry, for I will arrange everything.
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Nemějte obavy, neboť já to vše zařídím. |
FOR používáme pouze uprostřed souvětí a s čárkou.
I cannot have the ice cream, for I am allergic to nuts.
| I cannot have it, for I am... |
| For I am... |
Pokud je v hlavní a vedlejší větě stejný podmět, můžeme vedlejší větu zkrátit pomocí slovesa s ING:
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Since I had a late breakfast, I will skip lunch.
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Protože jsem měl pozdní snídani, vynechám oběd. |
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Having a late breakfast, I will skip lunch.
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Because he didn't play, he was upset.
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Protože nehrál, byl naštvaný. |
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Not playing, he was upset.
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Více se podobným zkráceným konstrukcím věnujeme v lekci: Vedlejší věty s ING
Not having a lot of time, we need to hurry up.
| Stejné podměty: |
| Because we don't have time, we need to... |
| Not having time, we need to... |
As it is getting dark, you should start building the tent.
| Nejsou stejné podměty: |
| As it is getting dark, you should... |
| Getting dark, you should... |
Nepleťte si spojky (because, since, as…) s předložkami (because of, due to, thanks to). Porovnejte:
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I failed the exam because I didn't study.
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Zkoušku jsem neudělal, protože jsem se neučil. |
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I failed the exam because of Ben.
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Zkoušku jsem neudělal kvůli Benovi. |
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I failed the exam because of how little I studied.
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Zkoušku jsem neudělal kvůli tomu, jak málo jsem se učil. |
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I failed the exam because of not studying enough.
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Zkoušku jsem neudělal, protože jsem se dostatečně neučil. |
Due to injury, Chris isn't going to compete this summer.
| Due to injury, he... |
| Because of injury, he... |
| Because he got injured, he... |
| As he got injured, he... |
Pokud vyjadřujeme důvod/příčinu něčeho, můžeme použít THE REASON FOR + podstatné jméno nebo THE REASON (WHY) + vedlejší větu:
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Do you understand the reason for your arrest?
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Rozumíte důvodu vašeho zatčení? |
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Do you understand the reason why you were arrested?
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Rozumíte, proč jste byl zatčen? |
What is the reason for your call?
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What is the reason for your call?
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What is the reason why you're calling?
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What is the reason you're calling?
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Příčinu něčeho vyjadřujeme také pomocí spojek SO/THEREFORE (takže; proto; a tak):
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Florida is quite far, so (= because of that; for that reason) we'll fly.
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Florida je dost daleko, takže poletíme. |
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The meat smelled off, therefore I threw it away.
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Maso zapáchalo, proto jsem ho vyhodil. |
SO/THEREFORE používáme mezi větami a obvykle s čárkou.
Porovnejte:
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Because Jack is only ten, he can't travel alone.
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Protože je Jackovi teprve deset let, nemůže cestovat sám. |
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Jack is only ten, so he can't travel alone.
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Jackovi je teprve deset, takže nemůže cestovat sám. |
Všimněte si, že věty sice překládáme odlišně, významově jsou ale prakticky stejné.
It was getting cold and windy, so we left the beach early.
| It was getting cold, so we... |
| Since it was getting cold, we... |
Kim is on a diet, therefore you should not tempt him with a pizza.
| He is on a diet, therefore you... |
| As he is on a diet, you... |
Vyjádření důvodu a příčiny – nejdůležitější body:
| Předložky |
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because of me (všechny kontexty)
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due to me (neutrální/negativní)
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thanks to me (pozitivní)
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| Spojky – souvětí |
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| He came because I invited him. |
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He came cause/cos I invited him. (velmi hovorové)
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He came as I invited him. (formální)
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He came, since I invited him. (formální)
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He came, for I invited him. (velmi formální)
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| Spojky – samostatná věta/otázka |
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| Why is he here? – Because I invited him. |
| Did he come because you invited him? |
Doporučujeme si procvičit vyjádření důvodu a příčiny (expressing reason and cause) v našich cvičeních.
